Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies - Revision history

Admin at 17:04, 28 October 2026

2026-10-28T17:04:56Z

Admin at 17:03, 28 October 2026

2026-10-28T17:03:32Z

Admin at 02:39, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:39:13Z

Admin at 02:28, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:28:18Z

Jhurley: /* Introduction */

2020-12-11T17:48:28Z

‎Introduction

Jhurley: /* Introduction */

2020-12-11T17:47:15Z

‎Introduction

Jhurley: /* Introduction */

2020-12-11T17:45:50Z

‎Introduction

Jhurley: /* Case Studies */

2020-12-11T17:08:16Z

‎Case Studies

Jhurley: /* Case Studies */

2020-12-11T16:59:25Z

‎Case Studies

Jhurley: /* Case Studies */

2020-12-11T16:43:03Z

‎Case Studies

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 *[[Thermal In Situ Sustainable Remediation to Enhance Biotic and Abiotic Reactions and Accelerate Remediation Timeframes | Thermal In Situ Sustainable Remediation (TISR) to Enhance Biotic and Abiotic Reactions and Accelerate Remediation Timeframes]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
 '''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
 '''Key Resource(s)''':

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 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam |Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]

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 '''Related Article(s)''':
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
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 {| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:15px;text-align:center;"
-|+ Table 1. Technologies applied in the different zones of a complex contaminated site
+|+Table 1. Technologies applied in the different zones of a complex contaminated site
 |-
-! Zone
+!Zone
-! Characteristics
+!Characteristics
-! Technologies
+!Technologies
 |-
-| Source || Large mass, NAPL or strongly adsorbed contaminants.</br>Both vadose zone and aquifer contamination || Thermal (high mass, stringent criteria),</br>ISCO (lower mass), EZVI (modest mass)</br>Soil Vapor extraction used in vadose zone
+|Source||Large mass, NAPL or strongly adsorbed contaminants.<br>Both vadose zone and aquifer contamination||Thermal (high mass, stringent criteria),<br>ISCO (lower mass), EZVI (modest mass)<br>Soil Vapor extraction used in vadose zone
 |-
-| Transition || Intermediate concentrations, modest mass,</br>typically below the water table || ISCO, ISCR, EZVI, thermal if stringent</br>criteria must be met quickly
+|Transition||Intermediate concentrations, modest mass,<br>typically below the water table||ISCO, ISCR, EZVI, thermal if stringent<br>criteria must be met quickly
 |-
-| Plume || Dissolved or adsorbed contamination || Bioremediation, permeable reactivebarriers (PRBs),</br> monitored natural attenuation (MNA)
+|Plume||Dissolved or adsorbed contamination||Bioremediation, permeable reactivebarriers (PRBs),<br> monitored natural attenuation (MNA)
 |}
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 #'''Endicott, NY:''' A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene PCE] source zone was removed using [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]], reducing the source mass discharge by three orders of magnitude. Pump and treat and monitored natural attenuation were used for the plume. Five years after thermal treatment, the plume had shrunk enough that the pump and treat system was shut down<ref name="Heron2016" />.
-#'''Memphis Depot, TN:''' Thermal treatment removed eight source zones from the upper 30 ft of a silty loess formation, while soil vapor extraction was used to remediate the less concentrated zones in between and below the source zones<ref>Heron, G., Parker, K., Galligan, J., and Holmes, T.C., 2009.  Thermal Treatment of 8 CVOC Source Zones to Near Nondetect Concentrations. Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 29(3), pp. 56-65.  [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media: Heron2009thermalCVOCs.pdf | Open Access Article]]</ref>.
+#'''Memphis Depot, TN:''' Thermal treatment removed eight source zones from the upper 30 ft of a silty loess formation, while soil vapor extraction was used to remediate the less concentrated zones in between and below the source zones<ref>Heron, G., Parker, K., Galligan, J., and Holmes, T.C., 2009.  Thermal Treatment of 8 CVOC Source Zones to Near Nondetect Concentrations. Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 29(3), pp. 56-65.  [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/e7/Heron2009thermalCVOCs.pdf  Open Access Article]</ref>.
-#'''Fort Lewis, WA:''' Thermal treatment of three source zones followed by low temperature and low energy ERH with ''in situ'' bioremediation in the transition and plume zones<ref name="Truex2007">Truex, M., Powell, T. and Lynch, K., 2007. In Situ Dechlorination of TCH during Aquifer Heating. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 27(2), pp. 96-105. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x]</ref><ref name="Powell2007">Powell, T., Smith, G., Sturza, J., Lynch, K. and Truex, M., 2007. New Advancements for ''In Situ'' Treatment Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 17(2), pp. 51-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20124 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20124]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download from: [https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap4_13-EnergyConsump/68457_Wiley_periodicals.pdf California EPA].</ref><ref>Macbeth, T., Truex, M., Powell, T., Michalsen, M., 2012. Final Report: Combining Low-Energy Electrical Resistance Heating with Biotic and Abiotic Reactions for Treatment of Chlorinated Solvent DNAPL Source Areas, ESTCP Project ER-200719.  [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-200719 Project Website]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media: Macbeth2012 ER-200719-FR.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>.
+#'''Fort Lewis, WA:''' Thermal treatment of three source zones followed by low temperature and low energy ERH with ''in situ'' bioremediation in the transition and plume zones<ref name="Truex2007">Truex, M., Powell, T. and Lynch, K., 2007. In Situ Dechlorination of TCH during Aquifer Heating. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 27(2), pp. 96-105. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x]</ref><ref name="Powell2007">Powell, T., Smith, G., Sturza, J., Lynch, K. and Truex, M., 2007. New Advancements for ''In Situ'' Treatment Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 17(2), pp. 51-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20124 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20124]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download from: [https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap4_13-EnergyConsump/68457_Wiley_periodicals.pdf California EPA].</ref><ref>Macbeth, T., Truex, M., Powell, T., Michalsen, M., 2012. Final Report: Combining Low-Energy Electrical Resistance Heating with Biotic and Abiotic Reactions for Treatment of Chlorinated Solvent DNAPL Source Areas, ESTCP Project ER-200719.  [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-200719 Project Website]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/2/20/Macbeth2012_ER-200719-FR.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>.
 ==Summary==

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:28, 28 April 2022
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−	'''~~CONTRIBUTOR~~(S):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]	+	'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]

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 #'''A dissolved plume''' where contaminants of concern (COCs) exist in dissolved or adsorbed phases. Often, the plume is affected by lower permeability layers, where the COCs have diffused in over time and can become a long-term source as the chemicals diffuse back out because concentration gradients are reversed during remediation.
-{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;text-align:center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:15px;text-align:center;"
 |+ Table 1. Technologies applied in the different zones of a complex contaminated site
 |-

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 #'''A transition zone''' where some [[wikipedia:Non-aqueous_phase_liquid|NAPL]] may exist in small stringers, ganglia or droplets, but where the mass is smaller and concentrations lower. In some instances this is referred to as a dilute source or the plume core.
 #'''A dissolved plume''' where contaminants of concern (COCs) exist in dissolved or adsorbed phases. Often, the plume is affected by lower permeability layers, where the COCs have diffused in over time and can become a long-term source as the chemicals diffuse back out because concentration gradients are reversed during remediation.
 {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;text-align:center;"
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 |}
 These technologies must be combined based on site-specific characteristics, remedial objectives, and the capabilities of each technology. One example of a combined remedy is when thermal treatment is used to reduce the source concentration/mass, and a set of permeable reactive barriers are used to control and remediate the plume in the years following thermal treatment (Figure 2). Another example is thermal treatment of the source zone combined with bioremediation of the transition zone and dissolved plume (Figure 3).

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 For successful remediation, it is crucial that every site is well understood and that a good site conceptual model (CSM) is developed. A good CSM is the basis for selecting remedial technologies that are effective in each of the zones. In source zones, technologies must often be effective both above and below the water table. The specific physical characteristics of the contaminants of concern and of the soils must also be considered in selecting the optimal remedy<ref>Davis, E.L., 1997. How Heat Can Accelerate In-situ Soil and Aquifer Remediation: Important Chemical Properties and Guidance on Choosing the Appropriate Technique. US EPA Ground Water Issue Paper EPA/540/S-97/502. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/5/5d/Davis-1997-How_Heat_can_Accelarate_In-Situ_Soil_and_Aqufier_Remediation.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>. Several commonly applied technologies for the three different zones are shown in Table 1.
-[[File:Heron Combined therm Table 1.PNG|650px |left|thumbnail| Table 1.  Technologies applied in the different zones of a complex contaminated site.]]
 These technologies must be combined based on site-specific characteristics, remedial objectives, and the capabilities of each technology. One example of a combined remedy is when thermal treatment is used to reduce the source concentration/mass, and a set of permeable reactive barriers are used to control and remediate the plume in the years following thermal treatment (Figure 2). Another example is thermal treatment of the source zone combined with bioremediation of the transition zone and dissolved plume (Figure 3).

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 #'''Endicott, NY:''' A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene PCE] source zone was removed using [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]], reducing the source mass discharge by three orders of magnitude. Pump and treat and monitored natural attenuation were used for the plume. Five years after thermal treatment, the plume had shrunk enough that the pump and treat system was shut down<ref name="Heron2016" />.
-#'''Memphis Depot, TN:''' Thermal treatment removed eight source zones from the upper 30 ft of a silty loess formation, while soil vapor extraction was used to remediate the less concentrated zones in between and below the source zones<ref>Heron, G., Parker, K., Galligan, J. and Holmes, T.C., 2009. Thermal treatment of eight CVOC source zones to near nondetect concentrations. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 29(3), 56-65. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x doi:10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x]</ref>.
+#'''Memphis Depot, TN:''' Thermal treatment removed eight source zones from the upper 30 ft of a silty loess formation, while soil vapor extraction was used to remediate the less concentrated zones in between and below the source zones<ref>Heron, G., Parker, K., Galligan, J., and Holmes, T.C., 2009.  Thermal Treatment of 8 CVOC Source Zones to Near Nondetect Concentrations. Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 29(3), pp. 56-65.  [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2009.01247.x]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media: Heron2009thermalCVOCs.pdf | Open Access Article]]</ref>.
 #'''Fort Lewis, WA:''' Thermal treatment of three source zones followed by low temperature and energy ERH with ''in situ'' bioremediation in the transition and plume zones<ref name="Truex2007">Truex, M., Powell, T. and Lynch, K., 2007. In Situ Dechlorination of TCH during Aquifer Heating. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 27(2), pp. 96-105. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x]</ref><ref name="Powell2007">Powell, T., Smith, G., Sturza, J., Lynch, K. and Truex, M., 2007. New Advancements for ''In Situ'' Treatment Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 17(2), pp. 51-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20124 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20124]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download from: [https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap4_13-EnergyConsump/68457_Wiley_periodicals.pdf California EPA].</ref><ref>Macbeth, T., Truex, M., Powell, T., Michalsen, M., 2012. Final Report: Combining Low-Energy Electrical Resistance Heating with Biotic and Abiotic Reactions for Treatment of Chlorinated Solvent DNAPL Source Areas, ESTCP Project ER-200719.  [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-200719 Project Website]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media: Macbeth2012 ER-200719-FR.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>.